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Objective:To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of the construction of urban unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) blood distribution system, and to provide a novel way for the distribution of emergency blood.Methods:The study was completed in Hangzhou from April 2019 to January 2021, and the main participants were from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province Blood Center and Hangzhou Fast Ant Network Technology Co., Ltd. Firstly, an unmanned aircraft delivery system was built for urban emergency blood and a special blood storage box for drones were developed. The drone was used to deliver blood products from Zhejiang Province Blood Center to Binjiang Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and the following indicators were obtained: (1) flight time of the drone blood delivery; (2) real-time temperature of blood products during transportation; (3) Baidu map software was used to measure the blood delivery time of road traffic, which was compared with the flight time of the drone.Results:The urban drone blood delivery system consists of intelligent logistics drones, cryogenic blood storage tanks, unmanned logistics hub stations, and cloud-based operation control platforms. The drone route distance from Zhejiang Provincial Blood Center to Binjiang Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine was 2.36±0.06 km, and the ground distance was 5.8 km, with 27 flights from April 12, 2019 to January 29, 2021, and the drone flight time was, shorter than the road travel time for a round trip [(6.37±0.35) min vs. (17.00±1.94) min]. At different time points of the day, UAV blood delivery could save 15.98-4.28 min, with an average saving of 10.62±1.87 min. Conclusions:Urban UAV blood delivery systems have the advantages of being fast, unaffected by ground traffic conditions, and can ensure the safety of blood products during transportation, and are worthy of further exploration.
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【Objective】 To monitor the vehicle positioning and temperature of each shipping container during blood transportation by the Internet of Things technology, so as to ensure the blood products for clinical are always within the standard temperature range, and early detect and deal with the temperature runaway during transportation thus realizing the objective and traceable process of blood transportation temperature. 【Methods】 The temperature of each shipping container was collected in real time, and uploaded to the cloud server through the temperature information receiver. The temperature, vehicle positioning and early warning were displayed on the large screen and computer through the cold chain real-time monitoring system platform, and recorded in real time. 【Results】 The comparative validation test of data in 5 months since formal operation showed that the transportation temperature monitoring and recording of the system met the requirements, the handling of abnormal early warning (alarm) was convenient, and the vehicle positioning was accurate. 【Conclusion】 The system achieves real-time monitoring, accuracy and controllability of abnormal disposal, and ensures the blood quality. The blood products with RFID tags can be accurately monitored during transportation.
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Objective To analyze and evaluate the blood preservation effect of two types of blood transportation boxes under field conditions in extreme cold regions of the plain.Methods Before experiment,the hematocrit,hemoglobin(Hb) and free Hb content,Na+and K +of samples of suspended red blood cells(RBCs)were detected and the sterility test was conducted.One of the two boxes was a field blood transportation box that served as control, while the other was made of phase-changed material of two types—1#and 2#.The suspended RBC samples were preserved in the low-temperature blood refrigerators and the two types of boxes respectively and transported under outdoor environment temperatures of -20 --5℃for 2 h.After that,the changes in the blood storage device temperature were recorded after 0,12,24,36,48 and 60 h.Results The suspended RBC preservation time in the field blood transportation box was 42 h vs 58 h in the blood transportation box made of phase-changed material.But their hemolysis rate,Na+,K+and the sterility test all were up to national standards.Conclusion In the extreme cold regions of the plain, the blood transportation box made of phase-changed material can be used to preserve suspended RBCs.
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Objective To improve vibration resistance of conventional blood transportation kits and mitigate hemolysis during transportation.Methods The structure of a blood transportation kit was modified.We installed a suspension brac-kets within the kit,added buffer material between the brackets,and tested the vibration-suppressing effect compared with the conventional blood transportation kit.Results Rubber and plastic materials between brackets were added,and double membrane suspension brackets were installed.After 4 and 6 min of vibration,free hemoglobin(FHb)[(1559.7 ±1038.5) and(1886.2 ±1023.8)mg/L],lactic dehydrogenase levels[(135.3 ±67.7)and(195.7 ±123.6)U/L]and hemolysis rate[(0.35 ±0.34)%and(0.42 ±0.38)%]in the conventional transportation kit were significantly higher than in the vibration-suppressing kit.K+did not change significantly,and was comparable in both groups at each time point.After 4 and 6 min of vibration, FHb in the conventional transportation kit exceeded the standard.However, after 12 min of vibration,FHb[(560.1 ±342.3)mg/L]in the vibration-suppressing kit were within the standard range.No bacterial growth was detected in either group.Conclusion The vibration-suppressing kit under research shows a better 1986vibration-suppressing effect,which could improve blood support capability in case of emergency.
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Objective To discuss the methods of the heat preservation performance monitoring of the blood transport case and to provide the technical support for the safety of blood transportation.Methods At the different environment temperature,the amount of the cold resource was decided by the mass ratio of cold resource to blood and the temperature was automatically recorded by the intelligent temperature chip continuously,to monitor the changes of each monitoring point in the blood transport case.Results When the mass ratio of cold resource to blood was fixed at 1∶6,the cold chain of the blood transport case could keep the tempera-ture of 2-10 ℃ for 8 hours at the environment temperature of 12 ℃,It could keep the temperature of 2-10 ℃ for 4.5 hours at the environment temperature of 25 ℃,and it could keep the temperature of 2-10 ℃ for 2 hours at the environment temperature of 44℃.Conclusion When the mass ratio of cold resource to blood is fixed,as the environment temperature changes,the available time that the blood transport case keeps with the cold-chain requirement varies according to the results of the heat preservation per-formance monitoring of the blood transport case.
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Objective To study the effects of aircraft, railway and highway transportations on the quality of red cell suspension.Methods Red cell suspensions from aircraft, railway and highway transportations were randomly selected, 10 units each, and stored for about 20 days as test groups, Another 10 unites of red cell suspensions were collected and stored for 20 days to serve as the control group. Biochemical indicators, including lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), Na+, K+ and Cl-were tested by automatic biochemistry analyzer. Free hemoglobin (FHb) was measured by chromatometry of 3 wavelengths. PO2 was detected by blood gas analyzer. The rate of red blood anaerobic glycolysis and osmotic fragility were also tested. The microstructure of red blood cells (RBCs) was observed by scanning electron microscope.Results The rates of anaerobic glycolysis of aircraft and railway transported red cell suspensions were (42.9?5.6)% and (42.2?3.1)%, respectively, significantly lower than those of highway transportation and the control group, which were (60.4?5.9)% and (70.1?7.8)%, respectively. FHb concentrations in erythrocyte suspension from aircraft and railway transportations were (1.37?0.31) mg/ml and (1.28?0.41) mg/ml, respectively, significantly higher than those of the highway transportation and the control group, which were (0.37?0.05) mg/ml and (0.31?0.03) mg/ml, respectively. LDH level and Na+ concentrations in erythrocyte suspension from aircraft and railway transportations were significantly higher than those from highway transportation and the control group. PO2 was decreased significantly in red cell suspension from aircraft transportation, and the osmotic fragility was increased. K+ was increased significantly in red cell suspension from railway transportation. Cl-was not changed. The aircraft and railway transported RBCs showed agglutination, spherical changes and ragged edges. Many thorn RBCs could be found in these samples. The morphology of RBCs after highway transportation had normal shape , but a few were spherical and ragged at edges. The RBCs of the control group was in double-faced concave disc shape and equably suspended.Conclusion The quality of red cell suspension is closely related to the different ways of transportation. Under certain circumstances, the quality of red cell suspension from highway transportation is superior to that from aircraft and railway transportations.
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Objective To test the performance of field blood transportation vehicle from the aspects of heat preservation,refrigeration and oil consumption.Methods Two vehicles without power supply were stowed with maximum load,one with red cell suspension,and the other with frozen plasma.With the environmental temperature higher than 35 ℃ or lower than 25 ℃,related time lengths were detected respectively.Results The holding time of the vehicles was from 1.5 h to 7 h,refrigerating time was from 15 min to 138 min,and a full tank of gasoline was exhausted around 5～7 hours.Conclusion During line-haul,field blood transportation vehicle has to be equipped with additional cooling agents,in case the refrigeration equipment out of work for the reason of gasoline exhaustion.